無助焊剂焊接通常被認為是困難的,甚至是不可能的。然而,80Au/Sn 焊帶和預型件通常都採用無助焊剂製程 - 這怎麼可能?
簡短回答:因為它可以作為銅焊處理。
Let’s remind ourselves of the role of flux. Flux is a chemical which cleans (deoxidises) surfaces and protects it from re-oxidation during soldering so that the solder will wet and form reliable solder joints. Gold doesn’t tarnish. So, in theory, we don’t need flux. However, in practice, we rarely solder to pure gold versus gold-plated surfaces. Unless it is very thick, the Au plating (for example: flash Au < 0.5 microns thick) rapidly dissolves into the AuSn, and the solder joint is actually made with the base metal which lies beneath the Au. This is almost always nickel. Unfortunately, nickel does oxidize and can do so even when plated with gold. So, we still need protection from re-oxidation during soldering, as well as oxide removal. Protection from re-oxidation is done easily enough using a nitrogen atmosphere. Oxide reduction and removal can be accomplished by adding hydrogen to the atmosphere, otherwise known as forming gas. So, although we haven’t used a liquid chemical, the N2/H2 mix is a “chemical” and behaves as a flux.
在輸送帶式烤箱中,氫的比例通常在 5-10% 之間,在專用設備中可高達 100% 。由於氫的熱容約為氮的 14 倍,因此較高的氫含量可改善熱傳導。在較高的H2百分比下,氧化物的還原速度較快,但此時可能必須使用安全預防措施 (火焰捕捉器等)。有趣的是,在約 75% 的濃度時,由於沒有足夠的氧氣支持燃燒,氫氣不再具有爆炸性(雖然氫脆的問題仍值得關注)。氫含量低於 5% 的混合物是不易燃的,因為氫過於稀釋而無法燃燒。然而,在此稀釋度下,氫、氧化物的去除率可能太慢而不切實際。
同樣重要的是,氧化物還原的速率會因為溫度升高而增強。在使用金/錫焊料的生產環境中,製程溫度通常為 330-350°C,以達到良好的氧化還原效果。無助焊剂焊接製程絕對需要清潔度,因為零件不僅會受到氧化物的影響,也會受到表面污染的影響。在 AuSn 預型件的加工過程中以及在使用過程中,表面污染可能會因為處理方式而產生。預型件是在機械製程中製成的,因此必須非常小心,以盡量減少污染。此外,您的焊料供應商必須小心控制厚度公差。AuSn 會「原位潤濕」;潤濕時不會擴散。厚度的任何變化都會出現在成品接點中。請謹慎選擇您的供應商!
Next time we will look at reflow with fluxes including formic acid (which is not the same as forming gas).


